Read the following text and find the English equivalents for the following:

1. Выдерживать определенные нагрузки

2. Чрезмерно деформироваться

3. Живой груз

4. Мертвый груз

5. Защищать от непогоды

6. Охватывать большое пространство

7. To be of little significance=

8. The basic issue=

9. Defective=

10. Base default=

11. Extreme weights=

12. Непредусмотренные типы неисправностей

13. Calculation faults=

14. To take into consideration=

15. False assumptions=

16. Dependence on inexact intel=

17. Lack of knowledge of …

18. Чертежная доска

19. Lenient examination=

20. Worse=

21. Заклепочный шов

22. наворачивание гаек с неправильным зажимом

23. дюбель

24. сварной шов

25. shifting, dislocation=

26. to change compression dispensation

27. диагональная связь

28. стяжка, косая связь

29. подвергаться опасности

30. отвечать вызову

31. frail, fragile=

32. firm, durable stone building=

33. to melt=

34. without constraint=

35. подвесной мост

After reading the text:
1. Complete the following sentences:

-The collapse may have been caused by reliance on…… or not taking….into consideration.

-The Fall of the condo may have been caused by the use of… instead of…. and improper….

-The collapse of the bridge may have been caused by the use of ….trusses.

-The collapse of the skyscraper may have been caused by inaccurate calculation of ….

-The collapse of the suspension bridge may have been caused by a lack of ….

2. Get ready to explain what stands behind each of the causes of collapse. ( to be done by heart )

The Collapse of Buildings

Why the World Trade Center towers collapsed 
    Buildings, like all structures, are designed to support certain loads without deforming excessively. The loads are the weights of people and objects, the weight of rain and snow and the pressure of wind--called live loads--and the dead load of the building itself. With buildings of a few floors, strength generally accompanies sufficient rigidity, and the design is mainly that of a roof that will keep the weather out while spanning large open spaces. With tall buildings of many floors, the roof is a minor matter, and the support of the weight of the building itself is the main consideration. Like long bridges, tall buildings are subject to catastrophic collapse.

   The causes of building collapse can be classified under general headings to facilitate analysis. These headings are:

Bad Design

Faulty Construction

Foundation Failure

Extraordinary Loads

Unexpected Failure Modes

Combination of Causes

   Bad design does not mean only errors of computation, but a failure to take into account the loads the structure will be called upon to carry, erroneous [ɪ'rəunɪəs] theories, reliance on inaccurate data, ignorance of the effects of repeated or impulsive stresses, and improper choice of materials or misunderstanding of their properties. The engineer is responsible for these failures, which are created at the drawing board.

   Faulty construction has been the most important cause of structural failure. The engineer is also at fault here, if inspection has been lax. This includes the use of salty sand to make concrete, the substitution of inferior steel for that specified, bad riveting or even improper tightening torque of nuts, excessive use of the drift pin to make holes line up, bad welds, and other practices well known to the construction worker.

  Even an excellently designed and constructed structure will not stand on a bad foundation. Although the structure will carry its loads, the earth beneath it may not. The Leaning Tower of Pisa is a famous example of bad foundations, but there are many others. The old armory in St. Paul, Minnesota, sank 20 feet or more into soft clay, but did not collapse. The displacements due to bad foundations may alter the stress distribution significantly. This was such a problem with railway bridges in America that statically-determinate trusses were greatly preferred, since they were not subject to this danger.

Extraordinary loads are often natural, such as repeated heavy snowfalls, or the shaking of an earthquake, or the winds of a hurricane. A building that is intended to stand for some years should be able to meet these challenges. A flimsy flexible structure may avoid destruction in an earthquake, while a solid masonry['meɪs(ə)nrɪ] building would be destroyed. Earthquakes may cause foundation problems when moist filled land liquefies.

Unexpected failure modes are the most complex of the reasons for collapse, and we have recently had a good example. Any new type of structure is subject to unexpected failure, until its properties are well understood. Suspension bridges seemed the answer to bridging large gaps. Everything was supported by a strong cable in tension, a reliable and understood member. However, sad experience showed that the bridge deck was capable of galloping and twisting without restraint from the supporting cables. Ellet's bridge at Wheeling collapsed in the 1840's, and the Tacoma Narrows bridge in the 1940's, from this cause.

 

Also watch the video and answer the questions:

Why didn't anybody suffer in the collapse?

Who or what was blamed for the collapse?

Who is going to be sued for the disaster?

 

to tilt = наклоняться

to be under way =  идти

to run for safety = бежать в безопасное место

to give way = не выдерживать

to rip through power lines = обрывать электро-провода

to ignite = поджигать

to come down = to fall =  падать

a pile of = груда

concerete = бетон

steal = сталь

hundreds = сотни

homeless = бездомный

to be gone = пропадать

injured = раненый

to be blamed for the disaster = быть обвиненным в катастрофе

to file criminal charges against  = подать в суд на