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Write your answers in the spaces. When you hear numbers - write numbers. Other words write as full words in any register!

Questions 1-9

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Write your answers in the spaces. When you hear numbers - write numbers. Other words write as full words in any register!

Question 10

10

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Write your answers in the spaces. When you hear numbers - write numbers. Other words write as full words in any register!

Questions 11-13

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Write your answers in the spaces. When you hear numbers - write numbers. Other words write as full words in any register!

Questions 14-20

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Push the play button to listen:

Write your answers in the spaces. When you hear numbers - write numbers. Other words write as full words in any register!

Questions 21-25

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Write your answers in the spaces. When you hear numbers - write numbers. Other words write as full words in any register!

Questions 26-30

26 is and ss

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Write your answers in the spaces. When you hear numbers - write numbers. Other words write as full words in any register!

Questions 31-33

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Write your answers in the spaces. When you hear numbers - write numbers. Other words write as full words in any register!

Questions 34-40

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You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on
Reading Passage 1 on pages 18-19.

Questions 1-5

Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs A-G.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number (i-x) in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

i Considering ecological costs  
ii Modifications to the design of the snow gun 
iii The need for different varieties of snow 
iv Local concern over environmental issues
V A problem and a solution
vi Applications beyond the ski slopes
vii Converting wet snow to dry snow
viii New method for calculating modifications
ix Artificial process, natural product
X Snow formation in nature

Questions 6-8

Label the diagram below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet.

678

Task: Sentence completion
In sentence completion tasks, the sentences focus on key information from part
or all of the passage. The answers will be in the same order as the information in
the text. Questions 9-13 below focus on just one part of the passage.
1 Look at Question 9 and underline the key words. Scan quickly through the
passage to find a paragraph with this information.
2 You need to find information about wet snow. Look through the paragraph for
this. What expressions in the paragraph have a similar meaning to busy slopes
and increase?
Now do Questions 10-13 in the same way. When you find the answer to each
question, write the number of the question beside it in the margin of the text.

Questions 9-13

Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
9 Dry snow is used to give slopes a level surface, while wet snow is used to
increase theon busy slopes.
10 To calculate the required snow consistency, the and
of the atmosphere must first be measured.
11 The machinery used in the process of making the snow consumes a lot of
which is damaging to the environment.
12 Artificial snow is used in agriculture as a type offor plants in
cold conditions.
13 Artificial snow may also be used in carrying out safety checks on

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on
Reading Passage 2 below.

Why are so few tigers man-eaters?

A  As you leave the Bandhavgarh National Park in central India, there is a notice which shows a huge, placid tiger. The notice says, ‘You may not have seen me, but I have seen you.’ There are more than a billion people in India and Indian tigers probably see humans every single day of their lives. Tigers can and do kill almost anything they meet in the jungle - they will even attack elephants and rhino. Surely, then, it is a little strange that attacks on humans are not more frequent.
В  Some people might argue that these attacks were in fact common in the past. British writers of adventure stories, such as Jim Corbett, gave the impression that village life in India in the early years of the twentieth century involved a state of constant siege by man-eating tigers. But they may have overstated the terror spread by tigers. There were also far more tigers around in those days (probably 60,000 in the subcontinent, compared to just 3000 today). So in proportion, attacks appear to have been as rare then as they are today.
С  It is widely assumed that the constraint is fear; but what exactly are tigers afraid of? Can they really know that we may be even better armed than they are? Surely not. Has the species programmed the experiences of all tigers with humans into its genes to be inherited as instinct? Perhaps. But I think the explanation may be more simple and, in a way, more intriguing.
D  Since the growth of ethology¹ in the 1950s, we have tried to understand animal behaviour from the animal’s point of view. Until the first elegant experiments by pioneers in the field, such as Konrad Lorenz, naturalists wrote about animals as if they were slightly less intelligent humans. Jim Corbett’s breathless accounts of his duels with man-eaters in truth tell us more about Jim Corbett than they do about the animals. The principle of ethology, on the other hand, requires us to attempt to think in the same way as the animal we are studying thinks, and to observe every tiny detail of its behaviour without imposing our own human significances on its actions.
E  I suspect that a tiger’s fear of humans lies not in some preprogrammed ancestral logic but in the way he actually perceives us visually. If you try to think like a tiger, a human in a car might appear just to be part of the car, and because tigers don’t eat cars the human is safe - unless the car is menacing the tiger or its cubs, in which case a brave or enraged tiger may charge. A human on foot is a different sort of puzzle. Imagine a tiger sees a man who is 1.8m tall. A tiger is less than lm tall but he may be up to 3m long from head to tail. So when a tiger sees the man face on, it might not be unreasonable for him to assume that the man is 6m long. If he met a deer of this size, he might attack the animal by leaping on its back, but when he looks behind the man,
he can’t see a back. From the front the man is huge, but looked at from the side he all but disappears. This must be very disconcerting. A hunter has to be confident that it can tackle its prey, and no one is confident when they are disconcerted. This is especially true of a solitary hunter such as the tiger and may explain why lions - particularly young lionesses who tend to encourage one another to take risks - are more dangerous than tigers.
F  If the theory that a tiger is disconcerted to find that a standing human is both very big and yet somehow invisible is correct, the opposite should be true of a squatting human. A squatting human is half the size and presents twice the spread of back, and more closely resembles a medium-sized deer. If tigers were simply frightened of all humans, then a squatting person would be no more attractive as a target than a standing one. This, however, appears not to be the case. Many incidents of attacks on people involve villagers squatting or bending over to cut grass for fodder or building material.
G  The fact that humans stand upright may therefore not just be something that distinguishes them from nearly all other species, but also a factor that helped them
to survive in a dangerous and unpredictable environment.

_____
¹ethology - the branch of zoology that studies the
behaviour of animals in their natural habitats

Questions 14-18 

Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs labelled A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 14-18 in the gaps.
14 a rejected explanation of why tiger attacks on humans are rare
15 a reason why tiger attacks on humans might be expected to happen more
often than they do
16 examples of situations in which humans are more likely to be attacked by
tigers
17 a claim about the relative frequency of tiger attacks on humans
18 an explanation of tiger behaviour based on the principles of ethology

Questions 19-23

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading
Passage 2?
In boxes 19-23 write
t for TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
f for FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
ng for NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
19 Tigers in the Bandhavgarh National Park are a protected species.
20 Some writers of fiction have exaggerated the danger of tigers to man.
21 The fear of humans may be passed down in a tiger’s genes.
22 Konrad Lorenz claimed that some animals are more intelligent than humans.
23 Ethology involves applying principles of human behaviour to animals.

Questions 24-26

Choose the correct answer, А, В, С or D.
Write your answers in boxes 24-26 in the gaps
24 Why do tigers rarely attack people in cars?
A They have learned that cars are not dangerous.
В They realise that people in cars cannot be harmed.
С They do not think people in cars are living creatures.
D They do not want to put their cubs at risk.

25 The writer says that tigers rarely attack a man who is standing up because
A they are afraid of the man’s height.
В they are confused by the man’s shape.
С they are puzzled by the man’s lack of movement.
D they are unable to look at the man directly.

26 A human is more vulnerable to tiger attack when squatting because
A he may be unaware of the tiger’s approach.
В he cannot easily move his head to see behind him.
С his head becomes a better target for the tiger.
D his back appears longer in relation to his height.

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on
Reading Passage 3 below.

Keep taking the tablets

The history o f aspirin is a product o f a rollercoaster ride through time, of accidental discoveries, intuitive reasoning and intense corporate rivalry
In the opening pages of Aspirin: The Remarkable Story of a Wonder Drug, Diarmuid Jeffreys describes this little white pill as ‘one of the most amazing creations in medical history, a drug so astonishingly versatile that it can relieve headache, ease your aching limbs, lower your temperature and treat some of the deadliest human diseases’.

Its properties have been known for thousands of  years. Ancient Egyptian physicians used extracts from the willow tree as an analgesic, or pain killer. Centuries later the Greek physician Hippocrates recommended the bark of the willow tree as a remedy for the pains of childbirth and as a fever reducer. But it wasn’t until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that salicylates - the chemical found in the willow tree - became the subject of serious scientific investigation. The race was on to identify the active ingredient and to replicate it synthetically. At the end of the nineteenth century
a German company, Friedrich Bayer & Co, succeeded in creating a relatively safe and very effective chemical compound, acetylsalicylic acid, which was renamed aspirin.

The late nineteenth century was a fertile period for experimentation, partly because of the hunger among scientists to answer some of the great scientific questions, but also because those questions were within their means to answer. One scientist in a laboratory with some chemicals and a test tube could make significant breakthroughs -
whereas today, in order to map the human genome for instance, one needs ‘an army of researchers, a bank of computers and millions and millions of dollars’.

But an understanding of the nature of science and scientific inquiry is not enough on its own to explain how society innovates. In the nineteenth century, scientific advance was closely linked to the industrial revolution. This was a period when people frequently had the means, motive and determination to take an idea and turn it into reality. In the case of aspirin that happened piecemeal - a series of minor, often unrelated advances, fertilised by the century’s broader economic, medical and scientific developments, that led to one big final breakthrough.

The link between big money and pharmaceutical innovation is also a significant one. Aspirin’s continued shelf life was ensured because for the first 70 years of its life, huge amounts of money were put into promoting it as an ordinary everyday analgesic. In the 1970s other analgesics, such as ibuprofen and paracetamol, were entering the
market, and the pharmaceutical companies then focused on publicising these new drugs. But just at the same time, discoveries were made regarding the beneficial role of aspirin in preventing heart attacks, strokes and other afflictions. Had it not been for these findings, this pharmaceutical marvel may well have disappeared.

So the relationship between big money and drugs is an odd one. Commercial markets are necessary for developing new products and ensuring that they remain around long enough for scientists to carry out research on them. But the commercial markets are just as likely to kill off certain products when something more attractive comes along. In the case of aspirin, a potential ‘wonder drug’ was around for over 70 years
without anybody investigating the way in which it achieved its effects, because they were making more than enough money out of it as it was. If ibuprofen or paracetamol had entered the market just a decade earlier, aspirin might then not be here today. It would be just another forgotten drug that people hadn’t bothered to explore.

None of the recent discoveries of aspirin’s benefits were made by the big  pharmaceutical companies; they were made by scientists working in the public
sector. ‘The reason for that is very simple and straightforward,’ Jeffreys says in his book. ‘Drug companies will only pursue research that is going to deliver financial benefits. There’s no profit in aspirin any more. It is incredibly inexpensive with
tiny profit margins and it has no patent any more, so anyone can produce it.’ In fact, there’s almost a disincentive for drug companies to further boost the drug, he argues, as it could possibly put them out of business by stopping them from selling their more expensive brands.

So what is the solution to a lack of commercial interest in further exploring the therapeutic benefits of aspirin? More public money going into clinical trials, says Jeffreys. ‘If I were the Department of Health, I would say "this is a very inexpensive drug. There may be a lot of other things we could do with it.” We should put a lot
more money into trying to find out.’

Jeffreys’ book - which not only tells the tale of a 'wonder drug’ but also explores the nature of innovation and the role of big business, public money and regulation - reminds us why such research is so important.

Questions 27-32

Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-H from the box below.
Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.
27 Ancient Egyptian and Greek doctors were aware of 
28 Frederick Bayer & Co were able to reproduce
29 The development of aspirin was partly due to the effects of
30 The creation of a market for aspirin as a painkiller was achieved through
31 Aspirin might have become unavailable without
32 The way in which aspirin actually worked was not investigated by
A the discovery of new medical applications.
В the negative effects of publicity.
С the large pharmaceutical companies.
D the industrial revolution.
E the medical uses of a particular tree.
F the limited availability of new drugs.
G the chemical found in the willow tree.
H commercial advertising campaigns.

Questions 33-37

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet write
y for YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
n for NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
ng for NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

33 For nineteenth-century scientists, small-scale research was enough to make important discoveries.

34 The nineteenth-century industrial revolution caused a change in the focus of
scientific research.
35 The development of aspirin in the nineteenth century followed a structured pattern of development.
36 In the 1970s sales of new analgesic drugs overtook sales of aspirin.
37 Commercial companies may have both good and bad effects on the availability of pharmaceutical products.

Questions 38-40

Complete the summary below using the list of words А-I below. 
Write the correct letter А- I in boxes 38-40.

Research into aspirin

Jeffreys argues that the reason why 38 did not find out about new uses of aspirin is that aspirin is no longer a 39 drug. He therefore suggests that there should be   support for further research into possible applications of the drug.

A useful В cheap С state D international E major drug companies F profitable G commercial H public sector scientists I health officials